Tag: Medicine
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Skin Pigmentation Bias in Pulse Oximetry Measurements
Pulse oximeters have revolutionized modern medicine, enabling continuous, accurate, and non-invasive monitoring of functional oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SpO₂) (Chan et al. 2013). Taken as a fifth vital sign, the device’s use is routine in emergency care, general ward, intermediate/intensive care unit, the operating room, and in general practices (Bosch et al. 2024). However, with…
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The Emergence of Allergic Diseases in Immigrants: A Probiotic Solution
First-generation immigrants face numerous challenges when adapting to new cultures: language barriers, discrimination, invalid credential recognition, and growing mental health concerns. While some of these challenges may be temporary, a long-term issue that remains unresolved within the immigrant population is the growing prevalence of allergic diseases (Lombardi, Passalaqua, and Walter Canonica 2009). Surprisingly, a potential…
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How Pregnancy Tests Led to the Decimation of Frog Populations
With readily available pregnancy tests stocked across drugstore shelves, it is hard to imagine a time when determining pregnancy was not so simple a task. Instead of the easy-to-use plastic cartridge we commonly imagine, the earliest reliable pregnancy tests utilised Xenopus laevis, also known as the African clawed frog (Nuwer, 2013). This method for identifying…
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Click-y LEGO® Chemistry!
When it comes to the natural world, humanity has extreme difficulty imitating organic processes. From spider silk to bird flight, natural processes, while understood, can be near impossible to produce with human technology. The generation of organic molecules remained such a struggle, up until the foundational development of bioorthogonal click chemistry: a class of simple,…
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Misdiagnosis of Physical Illnesses as Mental Disorders
Multiple studies conducted in the 1980s and 1990s concluded that up to 80% of patients who received psychiatric treatment were misdiagnosed (Klonoff & Landrine, 1997). Diagnostic shadowing is the attribution of a person’s symptoms to a psychiatric illness without testing for the potential existence of underlying physical disorders (Happell, et al., 2016). Frequent diagnostic errors…
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It Was an Accident, I Swear! The Scientific Discovery of Conductive Polymers
Some of the most revolutionary scientific discoveries have occurred accidentally; luck is sometimes the most important factor leading to new discoveries (Donald, 2013). Conductive polymers were an accidental finding by scientists Shirakawa, MacDiarmid and Heeger in 1977 (Guo and Facchetti, 2020). These organic polymers were found to have high conductive properties typically associated with metals.…
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Homeostatic Impacts of PTSD at the Cellular Level
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can develop after a traumatic event, with its impacts originating at the subcellular level (Girgenti, et al., 2017; Yehuda and Seckl, 2011). The pathophysiology of PTSD at this scale is characterized by a disruption of glucocorticoid (GC) hormone signaling which has implications on other cellular processes related to stress regulation. Cortisol,…
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PARP Inhibitors – Friend or Foe?
Breast cancer is the leading form of cancer in women, with 2.26 million new cases diagnosed in women in 2020 (IARC, 2023). Certain factors increase one’s risk for breast cancer, such as obesity and smoking. Another prominent risk factor is hereditary mutations (Cohen, et al., 2023), including within the BReast CAncer (BRCA) genes. BRCA genes…
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The Future of Infection Detection
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a very common infection that affects 40% of women in their lifetimes (Bono, et al., 2023). UTIs are much less common in males due to biological differences in the urinary system, but they are still a relevant issue. The male urethra is roughly 5 times longer than the female, which…
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Your Ears Are Whispering
Your eyes do not produce light, nor does your tongue have a flavour, but your ears do make sounds! In 1978, acoustician David Kemp inserted a miniature microphone into a human ear canal and, for the first time, recorded nearly inaudible sounds originating from the inner ear (Kemp, 1978). These sounds have since been called…